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Caswell County Genealogy
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 1818 - 1892 (73 years)
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| Name |
Holden, William Woods [1] |
| Birth |
24 Nov 1818 |
Orange County, North Carolina  |
| Gender |
Male |
| Reference Number |
21174 |
| Death |
1 Mar 1892 |
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina |
| Burial |
Oakwood Cemetery, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina |
| Person ID |
I20772 |
Caswell County |
| Last Modified |
16 Apr 2024 |
| Family 1 |
Young, Ann Augusta, b. 19 Feb 1819 d. 20 Jun 1852 (Age 33 years) |
| Marriage |
Nov 1841 |
| Reference Number |
250127 |
| Children |
| + | 1. Holden, Laura Haylander, b. 1843 d. 12 Mar 1895, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina (Age 52 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
| | 2. Holden, Joseph William, b. 30 Sep 1844 d. 21 Oct 1875 (Age 31 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
| | 3. Holden, Ida Augusta, b. 12 Jan 1846, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina d. 21 Mar 1937, Winston-Salem, Forsyth County, North Carolina (Age 91 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
| | 4. Holden, Henrietta Reid, b. 5 Feb 1852, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina d. 3 Oct 1877, Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina (Age 25 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
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| Family ID |
F9246 |
Group Sheet | Family Chart |
| Last Modified |
16 Apr 2024 |
| Family 2 |
Harrison, Louisa Virginia, b. 1830 d. 1900 (Age 70 years) |
| Marriage |
7 Mar 1854 |
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina [1] |
| Reference Number |
250138 |
| Notes |
- Harrison, Miss Louisa V., daughter of the late Robert Harrison, married to William W. Holden, editor of the North Carolina Standard (Raleigh), March 7, 1854, in Raleigh (Asheville News, March 30, 1854).
Source: Marriage and Death Notices from Extant Asheville, N.C. Newspapers 1840-1870, An Index, Robert M. Topkins, Compiler and Editor (1977) (North Carolina Genealogical Society: 1983 Reprint Edition) at 21.
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| Children |
| | 1. Holden, Mary Eldridge, b. 30 Mar 1855 d. 27 Jan 1924 (Age 68 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
| | 2. Holden, Charles Collier, b. 24 Aug 1859 d. 17 Oct 1922 (Age 63 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
| | 3. Holden, Beulah Williamson, b. Sep 1862, North Carolina d. 10 Sep 1939, Manhattan, New York, New York (Age ~ 76 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
| | 4. Holden, Lula Tucker, b. 10 Mar 1872, District of Columbia d. 27 Mar 1918, Wake County, North Carolina (Age 46 years) [Father: natural] [Mother: natural] |
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| Family ID |
F9247 |
Group Sheet | Family Chart |
| Last Modified |
16 Apr 2024 |
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| Notes |
- William Woods Holden (1818-1892)
(for larger image, click on photograph)
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William Woods Holden is included in this database because he once worked in Milton, Caswell County, North Carolina (for the Milton Chronicle newspaper). He also was a pivotal participant in that episode in the history of Caswell County generally referred to as the Kirk-Holden War. Governor William Woods Holden was a son of Priscilla Woods (who never married, and in 1850 was living in the household of Henry Whitted near Hillsborough) and Thomas Whitted Holden. Thomas Whitted Holden was a son of Isaac Holden and Elizabeth Whitted, daughter of William Whitted and Sarah Cleneay Whitted of Hillsborough.
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In 1855 James D. Newsom (owned Milton mills) brought suit in the Wake County North Carolina Equity Court against John B. Barrett and Caleb H. Richmond. Neither the basis of the suit nor the outcome is known.
John B. Barrett may be John Barker Barrett (1819-1900).
Caleb H. Richmond may be Caleb Hazard Richmond (1805-1861).
John Barker Barrett and Caleb Hazard Richmond married sisters: Rebecca Harvey Dodson (1825-1911) and Mary Randolph Dodson (1810-1887), respectively.
Another sister, Lucy Mayfield Dodson (1812-1895) married Jacob Able Ramseur (1808-1880). Their first son is General Stephen Dodson Ramseur (1837-1864), who married Ellen Ella Richmond (1840-1900), eldest daughter of Caleb Hazard Richmond and Mary Randolph Dodson. Confused yet?
Yes, General Stephen Dodson Ramseur married his maternal first cousin.
Caleb Hazard Richmond built "Woodside" in Milton, Caswell County, North Carolina.
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The following excerpt is from William W. Holden: North Carolina's Political Enigma, Horace W. Raper (1985) at 3-4:
William Woods Holden was born out of wedlock in an isolated log cabin near Hillsborough in Orange County, North Carolina, 24 November 1818. His grandfather, Thomas Holden, had migrated from England first to Massachusetts and then to Orange County, where he became a successful farmer. William's father, Thomas W. Holden, operated a gristmill near Hillsborough, while his mother, Priscilla Woods, lived with her parents and reared young Billy, as he was known throughout his youth. Priscilla later lived in Hillsborough with her mother in a house given her by William until her death after the Civil War.
A year or two after William's birth, Thomas Holden was married to Sally Nichols, also of Orange County; to this union ten children were born. Sally Holden must have been a remarkable woman. In 1824, without the knowledge of her husband, she went to the Woodses' farmhouse and arranged for six-year-old Billy to live in his father's household. Thomas was so pleased by this act that, upon returning from his day's work at the mill and finding the boy safely tucked in bed, he exclaimed, "Sally, you are an angel." The name of William Woods Holden was then officially entered into the Holden family Bible, and thereafter he was brought up as a member of the family.
Although his half-brothers and half-sisters did not learn his true origin until they reached maturity, William never enjoyed a close family relationship. His apprenticeship and later employment in Raleigh necessitated separation from his family during his youth, and his later political career led most of his family to sever all remaining ties. One brother, Brock, openly clashed with William during their entire adult lives. While serving as first kieutenant of Company B, Fifty-ninth Regiment of the North Carolina Troops, Brock participated in a protest meeting of North Carolina officers in August 1863 at Orange County Court House, Virginia, against Holden's newspaper, the North Carolina Standard, for opposing the war. In 1864 he ran for the state legislature on a ticket opposed to Holden's peace movement efforts, but was defeated. Later, in 1870 he [Brock] was a member of the Ku Klux Klan in Caswell County and worked against the governor's military occupation of Yanceyville.
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William Woods Holden (24 Nov. 1818 - 2 Nov. 1892), printer, editor, politician, governor, and the most controversial state figure during Reconstruction, was born near Hillsborough, the son of Thomas Holden and Priscilla Woods, who were never married; he was reared after his sixth birthday by his stepmother, Sally Nichols Holden. His grandfather, who was English, first settled in Massachusetts but later moved to Orange County, N.C., to engage in farming. At age ten, Holden was apprenticed as a printer's devil to Dennis Heartt, editor of the Hillsborough Recorder, who was responsible for his early education and political views. Striking out on his own at age sixteen, he first worked as a printer for the Milton Chronicle, then for a Danville, Va., paper (in which his own compositions were first published), and later, in 1836, for the Raleigh Star which was edited by Thomas Lemay.
Despite the lack of formal education, Holden studied law at night under Henry Watkins Miller of Raleigh and received his license to practice on 1 Jan. 1841. Although he could have played a major role in city politics and civic affairs, the legal profession did not offer the fascination of newspaper work. Thus, when the North Carolina Standard, the official organ of the Democratic party in North Carolina, was made available in 1842, Holden purchased control. Through it he became the state's most militant champion of minorities, reform, and state ideals. He served as publisher and editor of the Standard until elected governor in 1868.
As editor, Holden had a brilliant record, and his editorial influence was unsurpassed in the state. By building upon such issues as equal suffrage, internal improvements for all sections, universal education, and improved labor conditions in an industrial economy, he became the tactical leader of the Democratic party. By the 1850s he had made it the dominant and most popular party in the state. (Later, he was mainly responsible for similar success by the Conservative [1862] and Republican [1868] parties.) Throughout life his major goal was reform, especially to alleviate human wants and human misery, and, if the state leaders were unwilling to work for it, he was ready to lead the political fight himself.
In 1844, when elected to the House of Commons, Holden immediately sponsored legislation calling for the creation of a deaf and dumb institution in Raleigh. Later he served as state printer; a member of the Literary Board and the board of trustees of The University of North Carolina; and commissioner of the deaf and dumb institution and of the insane asylum. In 1858 the Democratic state convention in Charlotte rejected his bid for the governorship because of his humble origins and vigorous support for the "common folk," as well as the fear by members of the state's aristocracy (especially those from the east) that they could not control him. In the same year, he failed to win election to the U.S. Senate. No doubt these rejections caused him ultimately to break away from the Democratic party and to completely change the direction of the state during the Civil War and Reconstruction eras.
While Democratic spokesman for North Carolina, Holden played an active role in national issues and in the party. Throughout the 1840s and 1850s he advocated Southern rights to expand slavery and at times championed the right of secession, but by 1860 he had shifted his position to support the Union. Thus, at both the Charleston and Baltimore Democratic National conventions, he worked diligently to keep the state from bolting the party and leaving the Union, prophesying that should secession occur a long and devastating war would result. In early 1861 he led the forces that defeated the proposed state secession convention, but when the fighting began he joined with leaders from the other political factions at the second convention in voting for secession.
During the Civil War, Holden waged a continuous battle for individual liberty, helped to secure the nomination and election of Zebulon B. Vance for governor in 1862, and by 1864 was the avowed leader of the state's "peace movement." Recognizing the futility of the war, he declared that it was far better to make an honorable peace while still possible rather than being forced to accept unconditional surrender. Moreover, he thought the time had come to overthrow the agrarian aristocratic rule and, based on the rising tide of industrialism, to create a progressive state for the welfare of the masses rather than continue the existing order for the privileged few. For such views Holden was denounced as a traitor. In September 1863, the Standard office was attacked by Georgia troops and his personal papers and type were destroyed. Nevertheless, he continued to publish the Standard until suspension of the writ of habeas corpus took away the freedom of the press. As a matter of principle, Holden opposed and was defeated by Governor Vance in 1864 on the peace issue. (He had accepted the nomination only after he could not persuade any other prominent politician to enter the race.)
In May 1865 President Andrew Johnson summoned state Union leaders to Washington, D.C., to discuss North Carolina's reentry into the Union, and from that meeting came the decision to appoint Holden provisional governor of the state, in which capacity he served from 29 May to 28 Dec. 1865. In this office he exerted leadership in the reorganization of state, county, and local governments, making more than 3,000 nonpartisan appointments in an effort to unify the state; supervised the taking of amnesty oaths; revised the state constitution to meet national demands and restore federal authority; and worked towards the state's economic recovery. Despite these efforts, he was again denied the governorship in late 1865, when he was defeated by Jonathan Worth. As compensation, he was offered a seat in the U.S. Senate, but declined in order to resume the editorship of the Standard. Later, President Johnson offered him the post of minister to San Salvador, which he chose not to pursue in view of potential confirmation difficulties.
During this period Holden continued to help restore North Carolina to the Union. In 1866, sensing the waning strength of the president to control the Northern Radicals and realizing that it would be disastrous for the state to resist congressional rule, he began to work with the new political forces. He was instrumental in organizing the Republican party in the state, and in the winter of 1866-67 he spent much time in Washington working with the radical leaders. In 1868 Holden headed the Republican ticket in the state elections and was elected governor by a vote of 92,325 to 73,594, defeating Thomas Samuel Ashe. He carried with him six of the seven congressmen, all executive and judicial officials except one judge and one solicitor, and both houses of the state legislature. When Governor Worth refused to recognize the Republican victory or to vacate his post before his term expired, Holden assumed the governorship through the direct interdiction of General Edward Canby and the Reconstruction laws.
Holden faced enormous challenges during his administration: reorganization of local and state governments, reestablishment of public schools open to all children, penal reform and the construction of a state penitentiary, development of a deteriorating economy by encouraging northern migration of labor and capital, expansion of railroads and other internal improvements, and obtaining equal justice for all persons. The last issue caused the greatest concern, as many North Carolinians were unwilling to extend full civil rights and suffrage to the Negro. Thus, as elsewhere in the South, the Ku Klux Klan was organized to restore whites to local and state offices. Holden attempted to maintain law and order by suppressing the Klan, although the state was unable to convict known offenders; by encouraging prominent men to take active roles in preventing depredations; and by securing from President Ulysses S. Grant and federal authorities the military aid to maintain peace.
In March 1870, when civil authority weakened in Caswell and Alamance counties, Holden declared them to be in a state of insurrection as authorized by the Shoffner Militia Act. Troops were organized, first under the command of William J. Clarke but soon transferred to George W. Kirk, who had made a reputation for himself as a terrorist during his Union raids in the western part of the state. Holden originally had appointed W. W. Robbins of Marshall, who declined in order to keep a federal job and in turn recommended Kirk. The troops made many arrests in the two counties, ignoring the writ of habeas corpus and causing much fear and alienation. Later, Holden ordered the arrest of Josiah Turner, Jr., editor of the Raleigh Sentinel and "King of the Ku Klux" for his avowed opposition to Republican rule.
Holden hoped to have the Klan prisoners tried by state military commissions, an action initially endorsed by Chief Justice Richmond M. Pearson. However, on 6 Aug. 1870 Judge George W. Brooks, U.S. district judge at Salisbury, issued a writ of habeas corpus that they should be tried in a federal court for possible violation of their constitutional rights. Thus began a series of legal maneuvers culminating in the dismissal of the state troops and any effort to control the Klan, as well as the demise of Governor Holden.
On 9 Dec. 1870 Frederick W. Strudwick of Orange County, a former Klan leader, introduced in the state house of representatives a resolution calling for Holden's impeachment for high crimes and misdemeanors. The resolution was adopted on 14 December. Five days later, the house approved eight articles of impeachment against Holden: the first two alleged that he had illegally declared Alamance and Caswell counties in insurrection; the third and fourth concerned the "unlawful" arrest of Josiah Turner, Jr., and others without benefit of trial; the fifth and sixth accused the governor of disobeying the writ of habeas corpus; and the last two charged him with the unlawful recruitment of troops and their illegal payment from the state treasury.
When the state senate was notified of the charges on 20 December, Holden immediately turned over the duties of his office to Tod R. Caldwell. His trial began on 23 Jan. 1871. On 9 February the house voted a ninth indictment, charging Holden with conspiring with George W. Swepson to defraud the state in connection with railroad bonds. This article was never presented to the senate, nor mentioned in the press, for fear of implicating Conservative leaders who were active in the Holden trial. No legitimate claim could ever be made that Holden was personally dishonest or that he had used his office for personal gain. The defense based its arguments on the fact that the violent activities of the Klan required stringent enforcement regulation, that the governor was authorized under state law to use such force, and that any maltreatment of prisoners was done contrary to orders. After a highly partisan trial, the senate-on 22 March-rendered a guilty verdict on the last six charges (the minor ones insofar as constitutional rights were concerned), and ordered that Holden be removed from his post and denied the right to hold office again in the state.
The verdict came as no surprise to Holden, who was in Washington at the time. He expected assistance from his Republican friends, and two possibilities were extended: diplomatic service or the editorship of a newspaper that the Republican National Committee proposed to establish in the nation's capital. Holden declined a ministerial post in Peru or the Argentine Confederation, and the proposed newspaper never materialized. Forced to find employment on his own, in September 1871 he assumed the political editorship of the Washington Daily Chronicle. Despite his success in greatly expanding the paper's circulation, Holden soon longed to return to his native state. The opportunity was offered and accepted in February 1872, when he was appointed to the postmastership in Raleigh, a position he retained until 1883.
Although many efforts were made to remove his political disabilities, Holden refused to participate, insisting that such movement must come voluntarily from the people of the state and without political friction. Until 1889 he participated in local affairs, acting as unofficial head of the state Republican party (until he could no longer support the national policies of high tariffs, pro-business, and nonsupport for the South), writing for the Raleigh and Charlotte newspapers, composing poetry, taking part in church functions, and lecturing. His address, "History of Journalism in North Carolina," delivered before the press association on 21 June 1881 in Winston, came to be considered one of the masterpieces of the state's journalistic history.
Retirement emphasized Holden's outstanding personal traits-kindness, charity, warm hospitality, fearlessness, close family ties, and constant interest in the welfare of the common folk. He also enjoyed his twostory frame colonial residence that he had built in 1852 on the corner of Hargett and McDowell streets. He had chosen to live at home during his two terms as governor rather than occupying the executive mansion. It was considered one of the finest homes in Raleigh, had one of the first bathtubs in the city, and was noted for its sunken garden. He spent much time there among the blooming flowers, boxwoods, and a weeping elm which was the only one of its kind in Raleigh. After suffering a stroke in 1889, Holden lived quietly until his death. He was buried in the Holden family plot in Oakwood Cemetery, Raleigh.
Holden was married twice. His first wife was Ann Augusta Young (19 Feb. 1819-20 June 1852), whom he married in 1841; she was the daughter of John Wynne Young, a native of Baltimore, Md., and Nancy Peace, and the niece of William Peace, founder of Peace Institute. After her death he married, in 1854, Louisa Virginia Harrison, the daughter of Robert Harrison, a prosperous Raleigh citizen. His children included Laura (Mrs. W. P. Olds), Joseph William (1844-75), Ida Augusta (Mrs. Calvin J. Cowles), Henrietta (Mrs. Fritz Mahler), Mary Eldridge (Mrs. Claude A. Sherwood), Beulah (Mrs. Walter R. Henry), Charles C., and Lula (Mrs. F. T. Ward).
See: Samuel A. Ashe, ed., Biographical History of North Carolina, vol. 3 (1906); DAB (1932); Edgar E. Folk, "W. W. Holden and the Election of 1858," North Carolina Historical Review 21 (October 1944), and "W. W. Holden and the North Carolina Standard, 1843-1848," North Carolina Historical Review 19 (January 1942); J. G. de R. Hamilton, Reconstruction in North Carolina (1914); William W. Holden, Memoirs, ed. by W. K. Boyd (1911); Horace W. Raper, "William W. Holden and the Peace Movement in North Carolina," North Carolina Historical Review 31 (October 1954), "William W. Holden: A Political Biography" (Ph.D. diss., University of North Carolina, 1951), and William Woods Holden, North Carolina's Political Enigma (1985); John H. Wheeler, Reminiscences and Memoirs of North Carolina and Eminent North Carolinians (1884); A. A. Wilkerson, "Caswell County and the Kirk-Holden War," Durham Sun, 14 July 1946.
Horace W. Raper
Source: Dictionary of North Carolina Biography, William S. Powell, Editor. Copyright (c) 1979-1996 by the University of North Carolina Press. Used by permission of the publisher.
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William Woods Holden (1818-1892): Born in Hillsborough, Holden began an apprenticeship at the Hillsborough Recorder newspaper for a six-year period before turning his attention to law and gaining admission to the bar in 1841, with no formal education. Holden, however, still preferred journalism to jurisprudence, and in 1843 he purchased the North Carolina Standard, assumed editorial responsibilities, and shifted its political commentary to one of Democratic opinion. As the North Carolina Standard subscription rates increased across the state, so did Holden’s popularity and political appeal. In 1843, Holden was elected to the North Carolina Democratic Party State Executive Committee, which was later followed by an election to the North Carolina House of Commons, representing Wake County. However, as the years passed, Holden’s role as an articulate commentator for the Democrats stagnated; when he tried to secure loftier political goals (the gubernatorial race of 1858 and a subsequent Senate race), Holden was denied by the voters and by his political allies. Moreover, when Holden’s views on slavery’s expansion and the constitutional right to secession emerged during 1840s and 1850s, he fell out of favor with the Democrats. When the civil war seemed imminent, Holden was sent by Wake County citizens to a State Convention to vote against secession, ultimately to no avail. Even though Holden eventually voted in favor of secession, while the war progressed, he began to castigate the Confederate government and tried to rally support for a peace movement in North Carolina. Hoping to facilitate these public actions as a catapult back to public office, Holden ran for the governor’s seat in 1862, again losing the race.
After the war ended, President Johnson appointed Holden as a provincial governor with the hope that he could stabilize the state as Reconstruction commenced. This post was brief, as Holden again lost an election in 1865 to Jonathan Worth, but the short time Holden spent holding office inspired him to push one last time for governor. In 1868, Holden finally secured the gubernatorial seat as a member of the Republican Party. For Holden, the Reconstruction Era proved to represent an unfriendly time in which civic discontent in the South trumped reform efforts. As governor, Holden’s attempts to curb Ku Klux Klan activity were met with firm resistance by more than a few who wanted to deny African-Americans suffrage. This conflict culminated in a bloody feud known as the Kirk-Holden War, and the damage caused by this crusade incensed North Carolinians enough to create a political backlash that cost Holden his political career. Arrested and charged with “high crimes and misdemeanors,” Holden became the second governor in the history of the United States, and the first in North Carolina history, to suffer impeachment. In his post-Governor days, Holden edited a newspaper in Washington D.C. and later returned to Raleigh after being appointed postmaster by President Ulysses S. Grant. William Woods Holden died in 1892 and is buried at Historic Oakwood Cemetery in Raleigh.
Sources:
"William Woods Holden", North Carolina’s Governors, State of North Carolina: Office of Bev Perdue.
"William Woods Holden", National Governors Association.
Sai Srikanth, North Carolina History Project.
For more, including a photograph, go to William Woods Holden.
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Pardon for Klan-Fighting Governor?
Rob Christensen
Charlotte Observer
March 14, 2011
In 1871, North Carolina Gov. W.W. Holden, a Republican, became the first American governor impeached and removed from office, largely because he tried to crack down on the Ku Klux Klan's campaign of terror. Now, 140 years later, a bipartisan effort is under way in the state legislature to pardon Holden and right a historical wrong. The effort is being led by Arch Allen, a Raleigh attorney and former Wake County Republican Party chairman. Although Allen, 70, has long been interested in history, the campaign is also a personal matter. His wife, Nell Ward Allen, who died in September, was Holden's great granddaughter. As a result of Allen's lobbying, state Sen. Neal Hunt of Raleigh, a Republican conservative, last week introduced a bill to pardon Holden. The measure has the enthusiastic backing of state Sen. Dan Blue of Raleigh, a liberal Democrat. "It would be nice to set the historical record straight," Allen said in an interview Monday. "He was impeached by the Senate and removed in a highly partisan fashion. The evidence is that he was trying to suppress the Ku Klux Klan violence."
Holden was one of North Carlina's most influential 19th-century newspapermen. A former Democrat, he was a cofounder of the Tar Heel Republican Party and was twice governor during Reconstruction. President Andrew Johnson appointed him provisional governor in 1865, but he was defeated in the 1866 election. Holden was elected in 1868. But because of Klan efforts to keep black voters away from the ballots in 1870, he found himself faced with a Democratic legislature. At the time, the Democrats were the conservative party and the one associated with white supremacy, while most African-Americans supported the Republican Party.
Klan violence - including arson, lynching and political assassination - spread across North Carolina during 1870. Two Klan murders were particularly high profile. The Klan hanged Wyatt Outlaw, leader of the black Republicans in Alamance County, in the town square of Graham. In Caswell County, the Klan trapped Republican state Sen. John Stephens in the county courthouse, cut his throat and stabbed him in the heart. Stephens had been collecting evidence of Klan activity for the governor. Twenty-one others, black and white, in Caswell County were whipped.
Holden declared Alamance and Caswell counties to be in insurrection and dispatched the state militia. The troops took control of courthouses and arrested more than 100 accused Klan members. As a result, the newly elected Democratic House brought eight impeachment charges against Holden. It charged that he had acted unlawfully in sending the militia, made illegal arrests and refused to obey state Supreme Court writs of habeas corpus to release several of those arrested. The Senate trial took seven weeks, with 57 witnesses against Holden and 113 witnesses for him. The Senate acquitted him of two charges, but convicted on him six others in a party-line vote.
With the election of the first Republican legislature since Holden's time, Allen decided it was time to clear Holden's name. There have been efforts in the past to pardon him. In 1885, when a senator lined up a majority to pass a pardon, Holden asked him to drop the effort. "I think I did nothing in 1870 which deserved impeachment," Holden wrote. "I feel that I was unjustly convicted, and to ask pardon would be to confess my guilt."
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"Ku-Klux Murder. Dr. Roan Confessed on His Death Bed That He Killed Senator John W. Stephen [Stephens] in 1879 [1871]"
Raleigh, N.C. Dec. 5.--Dr. Felix Roan, a prominent citizen of Caswell county, on his death bed has confessed that he killed Senator John W. Stephen [Stephens] twenty years ago and named as his accomplices Dr. Stephen Richmond and the sheriff of the county [Frank A. Wiley]. All the parties are now dead, but the confession lifts the suspicion which has attached to several prominent men still living.
[On May 21, 1870, during the height of the Ku-Klux reign in this state, Senator John W. Stephen [Stephens], of Caswell county, was found dead in the tower [not correct] of the courthouse at Yanceyville. There were numerous stabs in his body and a rope around his neck. Court was in session at the time and a tremendous sensation was created. Gov. Holden caused a large number of arrests on suspicion, among them several prominent democratic politicians and an ex-judge of the superior court. No clew [sic] was found and the matter has ever since remained a mystery.]
Source: The Daily Journal (Logansport, Indiana), 6 December 1891.
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Captain Ball on the Stephens Murder, Daily Record (Greensboro, North Carolina), 2 and 3 February 1911.
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Proctor, Bradley David (2009). The Reconstruction of White Supremacy: The Ku Klux Klan in Piedmont North Carolina, 1868 to 1872 (Master's Thesis). University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF NORTH CAROLINA
SESSION 2011
SENATE JOINT RESOLUTION 256
Sponsors: Senators Hunt; D. Berger and Blue.
Referred to: Rules and Operations of the Senate.
March 9, 2011
A JOINT RESOLUTION TO PARDON WILLIAM W. HOLDEN FROM THE JUDGMENT
IMPOSED UPON HIM BY THE SENATE ON MARCH 22, 1871, ON CONVICTION OF 2 ARTICLES OF IMPEACHMENT.
Whereas, Governor William W. Holden was first elected following the ratification
of the 1868 Constitution of North Carolina; and
Whereas, Governor William W. Holden supported political equality for newly
emancipated North Carolinians; and
Whereas, Governor William W. Holden dispatched the State militia to Alamance
and Caswell counties to stop the violence being caused by the Ku Klux Klan; and
Whereas, Governor William W. Holden's steadfast resistance to the Klan led to his
being impeached and removed from office; and
Whereas, the vote to impeach was along party lines to remove the Republican
governor from any other public service; and
Whereas, Governor William W. Holden was the first governor in the United States
to be removed from office; and
Whereas, the power of pardon is inherent in the State, and since the Constitution
does not delegate the power of pardon of an impeachment to the Governor, it remains available for exercise by the General Assembly; and
Whereas, the power of impeachment by the House and conviction by the Senate is
not evidenced by passage of legislation but by assignment of this power to the legislative branch, it is an inherent internal power of the legislative branch to reverse; Now, therefore,
Be it resolved by the Senate, the House of Representatives concurring:
SECTION 1. William W. Holden is pardoned from the judgment imposed upon
him March 22, 1871, by the Senate, sitting as a court of impeachment.
SECTION 2. This resolution is effective upon ratification.
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Raleigh, North Carolina (12 April 2011) - In the same chamber where Gov. William Holden was convicted of impeachment chargers in removed from office, the state Senate on Tuesday voted unanimously to pardon the Reconstruction-era governor. “One-hundred forty years ago, this Legislature created a great injustice,” Sen. Dan Blue, D-Wake, told a packed Senate chamber. “Justice demands that it be reversed,” Sen. Floyd McKissick, D-Durham, said. The General Assembly met on Tuesday in the historic Capitol, located two blocks from its usual meeting place in the Legislative Building.
The meeting marked the 235th anniversary of the adoption of the Halifax Resolves, where the state’s Provincial Congress authorized its delegates to the Continental Congress to seek separation from Great Britain. The resolution had originally been scheduled for a vote in March. But the proposal got sidetracked when an anonymous document was placed on senators’ desks the day the resolution was scheduled. The Senate sergeant-at-arms staff originally had trouble identifying who had placed the material on senators’ desks because security cameras in the chamber failed to record activity.
The placement was in violation of Senate rules, which limit who can place material at senators’ desks and require that all such documents include the name of the senator providing the documents. Later, the Senate and House sergeant-at-arms staffs identified the person who placed the documents on their desks. It was Carlton Huffman, who worked as a legislative assistant for Rep. Jonathan Jordan, R-Ashe. Huffman then resigned his position. Sen. Doug Berger, D-Franklin, called Tuesday “a historic day in the history of North Carolina.”
Berger noted that while Holden did suspend habeas corpus rights when he called out the militia to quash the Ku Klux Klan in Alamance and Caswell counties, he did so to preserve life and safety. He read from a history book which took note that at a political convention of the newly formed Republican Party in North Carolina, former master met his former slave on equal grounds. The vote on the resolution was 48-0. It must now be passed by the House before taking effect.
Source: Pardon of Governon William Woods Holden.
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The Shoffner Act
On December 16, 1869, state senator T. M. Shoffner of Alamance County introduced a bill that fulfilled Governor William W. Holden’s request for a stronger militia. Titled “An Act to Secure the Better Protection of Life and Property,” the bill initially authorized the governor to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, as well as declare a state of insurrection “whenever in his judgment the civil authorities in any county are unable to protect its citizens in the enjoyment of life and property…” Additionally, the law allowed Holden to petition the federal government for assistance if state forces could not restore order.
The Shoffner Act, as the bill became known, did not pass in the legislature until January 1870 because of vehement objections from Conservatives. When the bill finally passed, Conservatives succeeded in having a key piece of the legislation deleted. The provision that allowed the governor to suspend the writ of habeas corpus was removed from the bill. Conservatives argued that the suspension of habeas corpus was unconstitutional, and in the end, their argument won out.
The exclusion of the governor’s ability to suspend habeas corpus proved significant during his militia campaign against the Klan because Holden decided to suspend it without the proper authority, and Conservatives used this against him during his impeachment proceedings. Although the deletion of the governor’s ability to suspend habeas corpus meant that the Shoffner Act was not a major advancement in the governor’s ability to punish Klan outrages, Holden hoped that the simple fact that the law passed the legislature would help rally the public to his side against the KKK. This was not the case. The majority of white North Carolinians did not rally to support their governor. The Klan took offense, viewed the Shoffner Act as a direct attack upon them, and vowed revenge.
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Raper, Horace W. William W. Holden: North Carolina's Political Enigma. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1985.
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Long Hunt
In 1871, when North Carolina Governor Holden was impeached, convicted, and removed from office after a 44-day trial, Zebulon Vance said:
"It was the longest hunt after the poorest hide that I ever saw."
The Herald-Sun (Durham, North Carolina), 29 May 1955, Sunday, Page 35.
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History of Journalism in North Carolina: A Story of the Men Whose Labor Has Done More for Progress and Education in North Carolina Than Any other Body of Men
The News and Observer (Raleigh, NC), 14 August 1904
In 1881, in response to an invitation from the North Carolina Press Association, Governor [William Woods] Holden delivered an Address on the History of Journalism in North Carolina, which will be of much interest to every reader of this edition of The News and Observer. It is, therefore, printed below in full:
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[Following are excerpts from the Holden address of relevance to Caswell County, NC.]
Among the oldest editors in the State is C. N. B. Evans, Esq., of the Milton "Chronicle." Mr. Evans was born in Norfolk County, Virginia, in 1812. He has worked as a journeyman in Columbia, S.C., in Raleigh with Philo White, in Richmond, Virginia, in Hillsboro, with Dennis Heartt, and elsewhere; and once was on the eve of going to Buenos Ayres, to work on a paper half English and half Spanish, but was deterred by a civil war which suddenly broke forth in that quarter. His first connection with the press as editor was with the Greensboro "Patriot." In 1835, when this paper was sold, Mr. Evans became the purchaser. He conducted the paper for sever years and sold to Lyndon Swaim and M. S. Sherwood.
The first paper in Milton was by a Mr. Perkins, in 1818. He was succeeded by Benjamin J. Cory; he by John Campbell, Jr., who died in Weldon a few years since. Mr. Kenyon succeeded Mr. Campbell, and the former having failed in 1831, Nathaniel J. Palmer, Esq., established the Milton "Spectator." Mr. Palmer died prematurely, from an accident many years ago, at his residence, Cherry Hill, near Milton. He was a native of Orange, a brother of John C. Palmer, Esq., of Raleigh, the latter of whom is a brother-in-law of Philo White.
In 1841 Mr. Evans rented the old "Spectator" office and began the publication of the Milton "Chronicle." At the close of the war the "Chronicle" stopped, and Mr. Evans published for two years a paper in Danville, Va. Next, with his son, Captain T. C. Evans, he published the Hillsboro "Recorder" for two years, and then sold to John D. Cameron. Next and last, in 1873 he revived the "Chronicle," and now, in his 69th year, he is still conducting the paper he established forty years ago. Mr. Evans, though by no manner of means a romantic person, has certainly led an eventful and romantic life. He is a capital editor. Like Xavier Martin, he sets up much of his editorial in his composing stick, without stopping to write it out. "Charley Evans," as he is called by his friends, could not do a dishonest thing if he were to try. It is the wish of the whole press of the State, whether he belongs to this association or not, that his last days may be his best days, and that he may long be spared to his family, his readers and his friends.
. . . .
An editorial convention was held in Raleigh, November, 1837. The papers represented were the . . . "Spectator," Milton. [Other papers not listed here.] These men were so modest that their names were not even recorded in the proceedings.
. . . .
I am painfully sensible, Mr. President, of the omission and imperfection of this address. I have referred only to the oldest presses and to the oldest editors and ex-editors, with incidental allusions to modern editors and writers for the press. I think have not commended unduly those I have mentioned. I regret I could not sketch the lives and services of all those laborers in the fields of mind, whether present or absent on this occasion. I would respectfully suggest that the Association appoint some one to continue the history of the press at each communication of your body, and when, in the judgment of the Association that history shall have been fully written, that a committee be appointed to condense it into a book, to be printed for perpetual preservation.
Among the dead, not already mentioned, trained writers for the press, but not editors, I recall the following: . . . Archibald D. Murphy . . . Bedford Brown . . . Bartlett Yancy . . . Romulus M. Saunders . . . Others might be added. Some of these were editors for a short time, but editing was not their profession. . . . Archibald D. Murphy was one of the finest scholars and writers of his day. Some of his ablest papers in the way of reports may be found in the journals of the State Senate from 1812 to 1818 inclusive.
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North Carolina Newspaper Feud
Over the years, many newspapers with different political views have sparred in print. During the Civil War years and extending into Reconstruction, two North Carolina newspapers (both based in Raleigh) really went at it:
The Raleigh Sentinel
The Weekly Standard
The editors of each vehemently disliked each other: Josiah Turner, Jr. (Raleigh Sentinel) and William W. Holden (Weekly Standard). While William W. Holden served as North Carolina Governor, his son, Joseph William Holden, was editor of The Weekly Standard.
The relationship between Josiah Turner, Jr., and William W. Holden was not helped when under Holden's authority Colonel Kirk arrested Turner after the killing of Wyatt Outlaw (Alamance County) and John Walter (Chicken) Stephens (Caswell County) -- when the two counties were declared to be in a state of insurrection. Holden believed Turner had assisted the Ku Klux Klan. Turner was a high profile witness in the Governor Holden impeachment hearing.
Both men had Caswell County connections. Turner's father was born in Caswell County (1782); and Holden once worked at a Milton newspaper.
Photograph: Josiah Turner, Jr. (1821-1901).
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North Carolina's Unionist Newspapers and their Fight Against Secession
While some scholars place great emphasis on the effects of southern newspapers in shaping public opinion in favor of secession by either softening their views or implicitly espousing a secessionist message, this exhibit studies three Unionist newspapers from the important swing area of central North Carolina and their struggle to keep the state in the Union. The Raleigh Weekly Standard, the Salisbury Carolina Watchman, and the Fayetteville Observer all argued that the election of Abraham Lincoln did not constitute a just cause for secession. From the date of the election until the shelling of Fort Sumter and Lincoln's subsequent proclamation calling for 75,000 troops to put down the rebellion, these newspapers argued steadfastly for the Union. This exhibit tracks newspaper reporting and editorials centering around key events that occured during the six-month secession crisis. Although all three newspapers would eventually support North Carolina's secession from the Union, all three fought against it until the events of May 1861 proved to them that there was no chance of continued peaceful coexistance with the North.
Source: https://cwnc.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu/exhibits/show/unionist-newspapers
Turner was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1865 as a "Conservative" but was not seated. Elected again to the state legislature after the war, he opposed Republican Gov. William W. Holden, who had Turner arrested in Hillsborough for allegedly assisting the Ku Klux Klan. Turner also used his newspaper, the Raleigh Sentinel, to attack Holden and his party. "Turner's crusade is considered to have been largely responsible for the recapture of the state legislature by the Democrats (then called Conservatives) and for the overthrow of Governor William W. Holden in 1870 and his impeachment in 1871," wrote William S. Powell. But, said Powell, Turner was "no financial wizard" and the paper ended up in the hands of the publishers of the Raleigh Observer. Eventually, they folded the paper into The News & Observer.
See: https://www.ncpedia.org/biography/turner-josiah-jr
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Proclamation by William W. Holden, Governor of North Carolina
Raleigh, June 6, 1870
[Excerpts]
Whereas on the 26th of February, 1870 Wyatt Outlaw, colored, a citizen of Alamance, was taken from his house in the town of Graham by disguised persons known as the Kuklux Klan, and hanged by the neck until he was dead, on a tree near the Courthouse;
And Whereas, on Saturday the 21st day of May, 1870, John W. Stephens, white, State Senator from the County of Caswell, was murdered in open daylight in the Courthouse in the village of Yanceyville, by persons unknown, supposed to belong to the Kuklux Klan;
And Whereas, on the 13th day of May, 1870, Robin Jacobs, colored, living near Leasburg, Caswell County, was murdered at night by a band of the Kuklux Klan;
And Whereas, from the 2nd of April, 1870, to the 15th of May, 1870, not less than twenty-one persons, white and colored, in the aforesaid County of Caswell, were cruelly whipped and scourged by a band or bands of the Kuklux Klan;
And Whereas, a colored man named Puryear, of the County of Alamance, supposed to be half-witted, having followed two of the disguised murderers of Wyatt Outlaw to their homes, and having spoken of the fact publicly, suddenly disappeared, and was found drowned in a mill pond with a twenty pound rock to his feet;
And Whereas, T. M. Shoffner, one of the Senators from the Counties of Alamance and Guilford, has been compelled to sacrifice his property, and, to save his life, to make his escape from said county on account of his opposition to the Kuklux Klan, and his devotion to the government of the United States.
Now, Resolved, I, William W. Holden, Governor of the State of North Carolina, do issue this my proclamation, offering a reward of FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS for the arrest of each of the murderers of . . . Wyatt Outlaw, John W. Stephens, Robin Jacobs, and the man named Puryear, together with such evidence as will lead to the conviction of the persons thus arrested; those who participated in the act or acts; or those who conspired to conceal the bodies of the murdered, or aided in the concealment and escape of the felons.
And I enjoin upon all officers, civil and military, to aid in bringing these and all other offenders to justice; and especially to discountenance, discourage, and repress all organizations of men who ride or walk at night in disguise, with arms in their hands. It is a misdemeanor thus to go disguised, and it is felony if those disguised persons molest or injure peaceable citizens in their persons or property.
Done at our city of Raleigh, this 6th of June, A.D., 1870, and in the 94th year of our Independence.
W. W. Holden, Governor
"The Weekly Standard" (Raleigh, NC) 7 June 1870.
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The half-brother of NC Governor William Woods Holden (of Kirk-Holden War fame), Emory Brock Holden, is a brother-in-law of Caswell County Sheriff Franklin A. Wiley, who led NC Senator John Walter (Chicken) Stephens to his death and was arrested by Colonel George W. Kirk under the authority of Governor Holden after Caswell County was declared in a state of insurrection in 1870.
Emory Brock Holden married Bettie Rainey Currie. Franklin A. Wiley married Sallie L. Currie. The sisters are daughters of Caswell County's Isaac Rainey Currie (1797-1855) and Eliza Johnston Currie (1804-1871).
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In July 1870, Emory Brock Holden visited Raleigh to persuade his half-brother, NC Governor William Woods Holden, to order the prisoners (including his brother-in-law former Caswell County Sheriff Franklin A. (Frank) Wiley) be tried in Caswell County by a special Court of Oyer and Terminer ordered by the governor. Why Emory Brock Holden believed this would be beneficial to his brother-in-law is not understood. Moreover, generally, the half-brothers disliked each other.
The New York Times (New York, NY), 23 July 1870.
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"Civil Government Was Crumbling Around Me: The Kirk-Holden War of 1870" by Jim D. Brisson in "The North Carolina Historical Review," Vol. 88, No. 2 (April 2011).
When Republican William Woods Holden won the governorship of North Carolina in the election of 1868, he recognized the difficult task that lay ahead. It had been just over a year since Holden had organized the Republican Party in North Carolina. In March 1867, the state became the first in the South to hold a Republican convention, and to the dismay of many white North Carolinians, Holden ensured that both white and African American delegates participated in the proceedings. Now, Holden was the newly elected chief executive of a state that faced severe economic, political, and social problems. How was he going to improve the living standards of poor whites and others who were still reeling from the destructive effects of a four-year war while simultaneously guaranteeing the rights of thousands of recently freed African Americans.
The majority of white people in North Carolina, and throughout the South, abhorred that prospect. During the election, the Conservative-Democratic Party espoused its position as protection of white supremacy and denigrated the Republicans as the party of the "Negro." To further complicate an already tense situation, the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) made its first appearance in North Carolina during the election of 1868. Although the Klan's influence in the election and throughout the remainder of 1868 was limited, it emerged as a major force in North Carolina by 1869. Klansmen committed hundreds of violent acts from 1868 to 1872, and Governor Holden soon focused on these atrocities, making them the central issue of his administration.
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North Carolina History: Governor Impeached
In 1870, Republican North Carolina Governor William Woods Holden (1818-1892) was impeached by the North Carolina House of Representatives. In his 1871 trial in the North Carolina Senate he was convicted and removed from office.
While the proceedings generally were partisan, he was not convicted by a strict party-line vote. A few Democrats voted not guilty on one article of impeachment [Article 1], and a few Republicans voted guilty on other articles of impeachment [Articles 5 and 6].
At the time, the North Carolina Senate was comprised of 50 senators. During the Holden impeachment proceedings one senator was absent (Republican Jesse Blythe from Northampton County). A two-thirds majority was required to convict (33 senators).
Here are the eight articles of impeachment and the vote:
1. Unlawfully, wickedly, corruptly and falsely proclaimed and declared the county of Alamance to be in a state in insurrection. [30/19: not guilty]
2. Unlawfully, wickedly, corruptly and falsely proclaimed and declared the county of Caswell to be in a state in insurrection. [32/17: not guilty]
3. Unlawfully ordered and procured the arrest of Josiah Turner of Orange County. [37/12: guilty]
4. Unlawfully ordered and procured the arrest of John Kerr and other citizens of Caswell County. [33/16: guilty]
5. Unlawfully sent an armed force [Kirk's troops] to Alamance County and there arrested A. G. Moore, and refused to obey a writ of habeas corpus issued on Moore's behalf. [40/9: guilty]
6. Unlawfully sent an armed force [Kirk's troops] to Caswell County and there arrested John Kerr and others, and refused to obey a writ of habeas corpus issued on their behalf. [41/8: guilty]
7. Unlawfully recruited an armed force [Kirk's troops] and ordered the State Treasurer to pay $70,000 for the services of this army. [36/13:guilty]
8. Unlawfully disregarded and disobeyed a writ of injunction issued by Judge Anderson Mitchell forbidding the payment of any money out of the State Treasury for Kirk's army. [36/13:guilty]
Deposed and removed from office and forever disqualified from holding office under the State of North Carolina. [36/13: removed from office]
Had Republican Senator Blythe been present and voted along party lines, it is likely that Holden would have been found not guilty of Article 4 involving Caswell County. However, had the other votes remained the same his absence would not have affected the overall outcome.
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Says J. W. Stephens Not A Carpetbagger: Geo. F. Ivey Says Man Assassinated in Yanceyville Probably Was Slain by Men of His Own Political Party and Not by Ku Klux
(Special to The Charlotte Observer) Hickory, Oct. 12 [1935] -- J. W. Stephens, whose assassination in Yanceyville during the reconstruction days led to a declaration of martial law and indirectly to the impeachment of Governor W. W. Holden, was not a carpetbagger and there is evidence he was slain by men of his own political party instead of Ku Klux Klansmen, according to George F. Ivey, well-known Hickory manufacturer.
Mr. Ivey, a brother of J. B. Ivey of Charlotte, says he has information tending to prove that the "inside story" of the Stephens assassination, reported in a recent press dispatch from Danville, Va., is incorrect. The news story told of a deposition which Capt. John G. Lea of Danville made in 1919 and locked in a vault until it was disclosed after his death.
In his witnessed statement, Captain Lea, who was on organizer for the Invisible Empire in Caswell County in 1870 and who died several days ago at South Boston, Va., names Col. J. T. Mitchell and Thomas Oliver, now both dead, as the actual executioners of Stephens. The Lea statement, witnessed and attested by the late Col. Fred Olds, declares Stephens was condemned to die by the Caswell Klan which accused him of arson. The Klansmen swore never to reveal to others who participated in the enterprise until the last one was dead. Captain Lea was the last, according to the Danville story, succumbing at South Boston, Va., in his 92nd year. He did, however, make the deposition in 1919 at the urgent request of the North Carolina Historical Commission and locked in a vault.
Mr. Ivey, who formerly lived in Caswell County, is familiar with the circumstances of the Stephens death, or at least with the local stories there. The courthouse where the man was killed during a political rally is still standing and visitors are shown the very room in which the body was found. Continuing, Mr. Ivey declared:
No Carpetbagger
"J. W. Stephens was not a carpetbagger. A carpetbagger was a corrupt man from the North who came to the South at the end of the war with all his possessions in a carpet bag -- a valise made of carpet instead of leather. Stephens was a native of Rockingham County and was for many years known as 'Chicken Stephens' by reason of his being convicted of stealing chickens from Thomas Ratliffe of Wentworth. He left his watch and pistol to secure his fine, went to Caswell County and was duly elected a member of the Legislature, which was composed almost entirely of negroes and men of Stephens's stamp.
"It seems that at that time the election in North Carolina was held three months before the general election, and Governor Holden and his crowd were exceedingly anxious for the State to go Republican for its effect on the other Southern States. As the election drew near -- remember, it was in July -- the State seemed to be peaceful and there was no excuse for sending Federal troops to guard the polls. According to the story, believed for many years, Stephens was assassinated by his own party in order to have an excuse for drastic action. It was not intended to kill him, but when he recognized his assailants, his death became necessary.
Holden Told Bailey?
"Several years after this, Rev. C. T. Bailey, a Baptist minister, who was the father of the present North Carolina Senator, Josiah W. Bailey, and at that time editor of The Biblical Recorder, stated that Governor Holden, while in a penitent mood, told him that the Republican party had much to do with the crime and that the prosecution was discontinued because there was evidence which would incriminate influential members of that party. A public statement to this effect was published by Rev. Mr. Bailey early in October, 1876.
"It is said that history is never correctly written until long after the events have taken place, in this case, even after 65 years, it is not at all certain who killed Stephens. The statements of a man in contemplation of death (such as that of Captain Lea) will usually receive much weight, but there was no opprobrium attached to the deed in question and thousands of good men thought his death was well deserved. We must remember that the war had been ended only a few years and thousands of men had been killed legally. Much bragging was done about the exploits during the war, and a little about this matter would not seem out of place."
Major Lee Latta expressed the opinion that the minister referred to was Doctor Skinner, pastor of the Raleigh Baptist church, who reported the confession of Holden and that Doctor Skinner was severely criticised for revealing matters told him in confidence by one of his members. Mr. Ivey said it is, of course, possible that Holden told substantially the same story to both Doctor Skinner and Rev. Mr. Bailey.
The Charlotte Observer (Charlotte, North Carolina), 13 October 1935, Sunday, Page 31.
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1850 US Federal Census
William W Holden
Anna A Holden (died at 33)
Ida H Holden (should be Ida A)
Joseph W Holden
Laura H Holden
William Peace (Ann Augusta's uncle)
Sarah Thomas
John White
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- Details: Marriage and Death Notices from Extant Asheville, N.C. Newspapers 1840-1870, An Index, Robert M. Topkins, Compiler and Editor (1977) (North Carolina Genealogical Society: 1983 Reprint Edition) at 21.
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